1. To create awareness on export Phytosanitary regulatory system.
2. To enhance knowledge and skills on export phytosanitary certification systems.

1. Export Phytosanitary regulatory systems
2. Export Phytosanitarycertification systems
3. Export Phytosanitary inspections
4. Treatments in phytosanitary systems
5. Export inspection procedures

Export Phytosanitary regulatory systems (2 Hours.)

1. Definitions, importance of export certification and guiding principles (ISPM 7, 12, 23 and 31),
2. Regulations:, national, regional and international legislation and agreements for example, COMESA green pass, CBD, convention on international trade on endangered species – CITES; documentation

Export Phytosanitary certification system (5 Hours)

1. Phytosanitary certification system: (ISPM 7) NPPOs Legal Authority, responsibilities resources and infrastructure, documentation and communication
2. Farm audit: source/integrity of planting materials in terms of pests and diseases, Mitigation measures in place to control pests, System approach audits of production facilities (detailed process)
3. Phytosanitary certificates: Types and forms of Phytosanitary certificates including e-phyto, Attachments to Phytosanitary certificates, Duration of validity, Actions Taken with Issued Phytosanitary Certificates (e.g. replacements), phytosanitary certificate for re-export

Treatments in phytosanitary systems (2 hours)

1. Approved phytosanitary treatments (ISPM 28):
2. Pre-shipment treatments used {wood packaging (ISPM 15), Devitalization, fumigation, cold treatment, waxing} packaging, transportation (use of controlled atmosphere)

Export Phytosanitary inspection procedures (2 hours)

1. Sampling of consignment for inspection (ISPM 31): types (statistical and non-statistical) lot identification, sample units, and the objective of sampling.
2. Inspection procedures (ISPM 23): Examination of documents associated with a consignment, Verification of consignment identity and integrity, Visual examination, diagnostic support and laboratory testing, inspection outcome and transparency, inspection reports
3. Seed Exportation Procedures
4. Non-compliance (ISPM 13): inspection rejections, interception notifications and mitigation measures
5. ISO 17020-2012 conformity assessment: requirements for the operations of various type of bodies performing inspection and 17065-2012 conformity assessment: requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services

Practicals (10 Hours)

Consignment inspection, farm audit, phytosanitary treatments, field inspection, phytosanitary certificates issuance

Case studies (5 Hours)

Country specific risk management initiatives for example, specific markets and e- certification requirements; use of databases in e-certification Compliance audit – basis for compliance audit, need for periodic audits, impacts of the audit for example, EU Food and Veterinary Office inspections, USDA-APHIS on geraniums, Israel (PPIS on gypsophila).

1. To create awareness on pest surveillance and its implications on Agricultural production and trade.
2. To enhance participants’ knowledge on types of pest surveillance and surveillance methodology: To enhance knowledge and skills in surveillance data collection, analysis, pest reporting and communication.
3. To enhance knowledge on the use of surveillance information to establish pest free areas, areas of low pest prevalence and pest free places of production.

1. Types of pest surveillance
2. Surveillance methodology
3. Analysis of surveillance data
4. Pest reporting and pest listing
5. Establishment of pest free areas, areas of low pest prevalence and pest free places of production
6. Tools in pest surveillance

1.1.1 Types of pest surveillance (3 Hours)

1. Introduction: definitions, importance of pest surveillance, implications on Agricultural production and trade, legal framework: existing mechanisms for conducting surveillance. Refer to ISPM 4, 5, 6, 8, 16,17, 19,22, 26, 27, 29 and 30
2. Distinction between survey and surveillance, general surveillance, specific surveillance (detection, delimiting or monitoring surveillance), pest surveillance, commodity/host surveillance, border (entry/exit points) surveillance, community surveillance.

1.1.2 Surveillance methodology (3 Hours)

1. Rationale for surveillance, determination of type of surveillance,
2. Surveillance plan: surveillance team, infrastructure, scope, history, surveillance design, sample size, site selection, timing.
3. Sampling procedures and tools for example, Mapping (ArcGIS, Diva-GIS, QGIS),
4. Pest identification/diagnostics: confirmation of pest, sources of information (pest surveillance data bases and others, procedures for reporting.

1.1.3 Analysis of surveillance data (3 Hours)

1. Data processing :statistical analysis and interpretation
2. surveillance report development: elements of the report, literature, detection analysis report, statistical conclusions and recommendations
3. Record keeping and transparency: documentation and communication of surveillance report.

1.1.4 Pest reporting and pest listing (3 Hours)

1. Purpose of pest reporting and listing
2. Other sources of information, verification of information
3. Content of report: outline, identity of the pest, host(s) or articles concerned, status of the pest (for example, regulated or non-regulated quarantine), geographical distribution of the pest [including a map, if appropriate], nature of the immediate or potential danger, or other reason for reporting),
4. Specific proposals to address new pests.

1.1.5 Establishment of pest free areas, pest free places of production and areas of low pest prevalence (3 Hours)

1. Definitions: pest free areas, pest free places of production, areas of low pest prevalence)
2. Determination of a PFA, establishment and maintenance of a PFA,
3. Systems to establish freedom, Phytosanitary measures to maintain freedom, checks to verify freedom has been maintained, documentation and review.

1.1.6 Tools in pest surveillance (5 hours)

1. Geographical Information System (GIS): Introduction to GIS, Importance of GIS, data collection using GPS, map development using GIS applications, modelling, examples of GIS software: ArcGIS, QGIS, open software, Diva-GIS
2. Data collection kits (Open Data Kit-ODK, KoboCollect and other data collection kits), Principles and use of ODK in data collection, development of questionnaires using KoboToolbox, collection of data using ODK, downloading and editing data,

1.2 Case studies (5 Hours)

1. Surveillance on Bemisia tabaci, by National Museums of Kenya (NMK), KEPHIS, and Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO).
2. Regional Surveillance: Maize Lethal Necrotic Disease and Fall Armyowrm
3. Surveillance on cassava brown streak virus or tomato spotted wilt virus.
4. Surveillance on Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) by International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), NARO-Kawanda, Bioversity International, KEPHIS.
5. Community surveillance: African Armyworm, Fall Armyworm
6. Other case studies from participating countries

Additional data for above case studies may include maps, pictures and other relevant information

1.3 Exercises and practicals (8 Hours)

1. Practical – Setting up various traps for specific pests example: Tuta absoluta, false codling moth, Ceratitis capitata, Asian citrus psyllids, sticky traps, undertake identification and generate a field report.
2. Insect pest specimen preservation and insect box collection
3. Group Exercise - generate maps using Arc GIS; country experiences on port of entry surveillance system, existence of early warning surveillance system.
4. Data collection kits - exercise on the use of ODK
5. Development of a surveillance report using hypothetical pest.

1. Crop Protection Compendium. http://www.cabi.org/cpc/
2. ISPM 04: 1995 Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas
3. ISPM 06: 1997 Guidelines for surveillance
4. ISPM 08: 2017 Determination of pest status in an area
5. ISPM 16: 2017 Regulated non-quarantine pests: Concept and application
6. ISPM 17: 2017 Pest reporting
7. ISPM 19: 2016 Guidelines on lists of regulated pests
8. ISPM 26: 2015 Establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae)
9. ISPM 27: 2016 Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests
10. ISPM 22: 2016 Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence
11. ISPM 29: 2017 Recognition of pest free areas and areas of low pest prevalence
12. ISPM 30: 2017 Establishment of areas of low pest prevalence for fruit flies (Tephritidae)
13. ArcGIS information software, version 10: www.esri.com
14. Open data kit (ODK): https://opendatakit.org/
15. Quantum GIS (QGIS): https://www.qgis.org/en/site/
16. Trapping guidelines for areawide fruitfly programmes: by International Atomic Energy Agency of UN: https://www.iaea.org/publications/6916/trapping-guidelines-for-area-wide-fruit-fly-programmes

1. To create awareness on the importance of pest risk analysis in Phytosanitary systems.
2. To sensitize participants on the sources of PRA information.
3. To understand the various steps in PRA process.
4. To enhance skills in the use of PRA tools.

1. Principles of PRA
2. Sources of PRA information
3. Stages of pest risk analysis
4. Tools for PRA

1.1.1 Principles of PRA (5 Hours)

1. Introduction: definition of terms, why conduct PRA, scope (import, market access, policy change, interception), forms and types of PRA (quarantine and non-quarantine pests, commodity PRA, qualitative and quantitative PRA), importance of PRA, ISPMs related to PRA, reference to SPS agreement (Article 5) and post-harvest information.
2. PRA process: stages in PRA (initiation process, pest risk assessment: categorization, assessment of the probability of Introduction, entry, establishment, spread, impacts, overall assessment of risk, uncertainty, risk management, references and communication.
3. Information required for PRA:information of the pest (life cycle, dissemination potential, survival, and adaptability), geographical distribution, pest management, host range, economic importance, production areas, pathways of introduction and interception records.
4. PRA information required by the importing/destination country: name of the commodity, varieties grown, where grown, agronomic practices, pests and diseases associated with the import, control measures including post-harvest treatment options of imports, post-harvest handling; mitigation measures.

1.1.2 Sources of PRA information (5 Hours)

1. Information from previous PRAs
2. Information from similar studies - published information, official files and reports, books, Journals, environmental impact assessment reports, internet sources.
3. Pest and commodity databases for example, Crop Protection Compendium (CPC), Invasive Species Compendium (ISC), European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) databases, climate databases, Agricola databases, libraries.
4. Pest outbreak and pest alert reports
5. Interception databases
6. Crop production data, for example, National statistics, FAO crop statistics, post-harvest information, agricultural trade data
7. Internet sources and any other relevant information

1.1.3 Stages in Pest Risk Analysis (8 Hours)

PRA Initiation

1. Identify the trigger for PRA: request for permission to import or export, justify occurrence of a pest, revision of Phytosanitary policy, update of pest list.
2. Steps in initiation stage: determine whether an organism is a pest, define the PRA area, evaluate any previous PRA and conclusion.

Pest risk assessment

1. Pest categorization: pest identification, develop a pest list, distribution, plant parts affected, introduction pathway, quarantine and non-quarantine pests.
2. Probability of introduction and spread: likelihood of entry: identification of pathways and origin, survival [transport, storage, pest management], dispersal mechanisms); probability of establishment and spread (suitable host, suitable environment, reproduction, pest survival, control measures).
3. Assessment of potential economic, environmental and socio-economic impact Decision making from the overall pest risk assessment.

Pest risk management

1. Identification and selection of appropriate risk management options:consignments, preventing or reducing infestation of the crop, pest free areas, post-harvest treatments other types of pathways,
2. options within the importing country, prohibition of commodities; cost benefit analysis in option selection process (balance between protection and resources).

Risk Communication

1. Involvement of various stakeholders in the PRA process, for example, request for PRA information from exporting country NPPO
2. PRA report: outline, purpose, source of information, categorized pest list, conclusion (probability and economic consequences), risk management options;.
3. Dissemination of the PRA report: final report and retrieval mechanism, NPPO to NPPO, NPPO to stakeholders, publishing, alerts; continuous open communication (issues and negotiations in PRA).

1.1.4 Tools for PRA (5 Hours)

1. Types of tools: Crop Protection Compendium (CPC), Invasive Species Compendium, EAPIC-PIMS, CABI PRA Tool, Plantwise Knowledge Bank, CAPRA, AGORA, PIOB or similar, relevant databases and other internet sources.
2. Operation of PRA tools: CPC, CABI PRA Tool, CPC, ISC and internet sources.
3. PRA Mapping software: CLIMEX, CABI Horizon Scanning Tool; Steps in operating the PRA software – description of special features, navigating through the software, installation.

1.2 Exercises on PRA (12 hours)

1. Group PRA on a specific crop for example maize, beans, rice, passion fruit or any other crop of importance in participants’ country of origin.
2. Hands on practical activities: participating member countries need to come with pest list information.
3. Hands on practical activities - practical application of CABI PRA Tool software
4. Exercises on the use of internet as a source of PRA information – search for specific pests from websites
5. Searching for specific pests and related information, biology, host range, symptoms, control.Create a pest list for a certain tradable commodity and develop a simple database.Quick PRA using the CPC database.

1.3 Case studies (5 Hours)

Case study 1: Import control PRA for different crops

Case study 2: Market access PRA for different crops

Case study 3: Regional PRA for different crops e.g. rice and beans

1. East African Phytosanitary Information Committee - Pest Information Management System (EAPIC-PIMS). http://www.eapic.org/
2. Creative Research Systems. CLIMEX - Software to predict the effects of climate on species. http://www.climatemodel.com/climex.htm
3. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Pest Risk Analysis. http://archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/pra.htm
4. ISPM No. 2 (2007): Framework for pest risk analysis
5. ISPM No. 11 (2004): Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms
6. ISPM No. 21 (2004): Pest risk analysis for regulated non-quarantine pests.
7. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). www.aphis.usda.gov/
8. FAO. 2007. Pest risk analysis (PRA) training: Participant manual. http://www.standardsfacility.org/files/Project_documents/Project_Grants/STDF_120_PRA_training_manual.pdf
9. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Computer Assisted Pest Risk Analysis (CAPRA): User’s manual, version 4.2. http://capra.eppo.org/files/guideline_capra.pdf
10. FAO. 2007. Pest risk analysis (PRA) training: Group Exercises Manual. https://www.ippc.int/file_uploaded/1229703354266_PRA_training_course_Group_exercises_manual.pdf
11. FAO. 2007. Pest risk analysis (PRA) training: Instructor Manual. https://www.ippc.int/file_uploaded/1229703510280_PRA_training_course_Instructor_manual.pdf
12. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
13. World Biodiversity Database http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/bis/projects.php
14. Morton, J. F. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index.html
15. HOSTS - a database of the host plants of the world's Lepidoptera. Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/hostplants/
16. ScaleNet: A Database of Scale Insects of the World. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm
17. NEMAPLEX. University of California at Davis, Davis, California. http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Uppermnus/topmnu.htm
18. USDA Nematode Collection Search. http://www.nem.barc.usda.gov/DataBase/Search.CFM
19. Plantwise Knowledge Bank: https://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/home.aspx
20. Computer Assisted Pest Risk Analysis (CAPRA): http://capra.eppo.org/
21. AGORA: http://www.fao.org/agora/en/
22. CABI PRA Tool: https://www.cabi.org/PRA-Tool/login
23. Invasive Species Compendium: https://www.cabi.org/isc
24. Horizon Scanning Tool: https://www.cabi.org/

1. To create awareness on pest diagnostics and its application in Phytosanitary systems
2. To enhance participants knowledge and skills on pest diagnostics
3. To enhance knowledge and skills on the application of pest diagnostic protocols
4. To create awareness and enhance knowledge on principles of pest management

1. Principles in pest diagnosis
2. Approaches to pest diagnosis
3. Diagnostic protocols in phytosanitary systems
4. Detection and identification of specific groups of pests
5. Reference collection and documentation
6. Principles of pest management

1.1.1 Principles in pest diagnosis (1 hr)

1. Definitions, importance and application of diagnosis,
2. Concepts of regulated and non-regulated quarantine pests;
3. Laboratory techniques applied at quarantine stations;
4. Factors to consider in diagnosis: cropping history, sampling including sampling for soil-borne pathogens, transportation, sample handling, storage and disposal. Refer to ISPM 5, 27

1.1.2 Approaches to pest diagnosis (2Hours)

1. Visual examination: symptoms, signs and damage;
2. morphological and cultural characteristics:: microscopy, isolation and purification,
3. biochemical and physiological: biochemical tests, fatty analysis, immunoassay/serological methods, molecular based -PCR based methods, indicator plants and indexing, pathogenicity
4. Modern techniques: digital and remote based diagnosis, rapid diagnostic kits,.

1.1.3 Diagnostic protocols in phytosanitary systems (3 Hours)

1. Importance of protocols, general requirements for diagnostic protocols
2. Format of diagnostic protocols: pest information - (identity to species level, hosts range, biology of the pest life cycle, distribution, transmission and dissemination pathways; taxonomic information; pest detection and identification methods – signs and symptoms, type of damage, methods of detection, description of morphology; comparison with similar or related species, use of reference specimens
3. use of diagnostic protocol, publication of diagnostic protocols. Refer to ISPM 27

1.1.4 Detection and identification of specific groups of pests (4 Hours)

Pest specific identification procedures including visual examination (symptoms, signs and damage), rapid diagnostic kits, indicator plants (virus/bacteria detection), pest sampling, barcoding, confirmation of results for new pests or unconfirmed cases.

Arthropods (Insecta, Arachnida)

1. Sampling: trapping, collection, preservation.
2. identification: morphology, microscopy, X-ray, identification keys, pictures, reference specimens, molecular, identification keys, software.

Molluscs

1. Sampling, collection and preservation
2. visual examination (morphology), molecular techniques, pictures.

Nematodes

1. Sampling, extraction and preparation of specimens,
2. selection of identification tool: software, manuals, identification by morphology (microscopy), molecular methods and bioassay.

Fungi

1. Sampling and sample collection, sample packaging and storage,
2. Use of symptoms and signs,
3. Isolation and purification: extraction, baiting, isolation, culturing and purification, use of selective media,
4. Identification: morphology (staining, microscopy), pathogenicity tests, molecular methods, chemotaxonomy (secondary metabolites), rapid diagnostic kits, immunoassay.

Bacteria and phytoplasmas

1. Sampling and sample collection, packaging and storage,
2. Use of symptoms and signs: bacterial streaming, bacterial ooze,
3. isolation and purification: selective media, cultural characteristics (immunoflorescence, pigmentation and colouration)
4. identification: staining and microscopy, pathogenicity tests, molecular methods, biochemical tests, chemotaxonomy, rapid diagnostic kits, immunoassay, fatty acids.

Viruses

1. Sampling, packaging and specimen storage, symptoms,
2. Extraction and purification,
3. Identification: characterization, morphology (electron microscopy), use of indicator plants and grafting, immunoassay methods, molecular methods, rapid diagnostic kits.

Weeds

1. Sampling and sample collection, preservation and preparation of herbarium
2. Identification: visual, identification keys, molecular techniques,.

1.1.5 Reference collection and documentation (2 Hours)

1. Definitions, types of reference collections,
2. Preservation of specific groups of pests: preservation of bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, insects, insect boxes, herbarium
3. Creation and management of reference collections:site, staff, collection updates,
4. Reference laboratories, reference samples, herbaria and live collections
5. Documentation: diagnostic reports, list of pest and pest list and pest databases.

1.1.6 Principles of pest management (3 Hours)

1. Pest management methods: scouting, monitoring, identification, good agricultural practices, pheromone and semio-chemical methods, chemical, biological, physical, mechanical, host plant resistance, GMO, bio-pesticides and IPM
2. Field and green house sanitation, greenhouse growth media preparation, water source management
3. Postharvest management: precooling, sorting, grading;, postharvest treatment - fumigation, irradiation, waxing, hot water treatment, heat treatment

1.2 Practical exercises (16 Hours)

Arthropod (insecta and arachnida)

Visual observation (display materials showing different pest damage), trapping/collection, preservation and morphological identification.

Nematodes

Visual observation (display materials showing nematode damage), extraction, identification.

Fungi

Visual examination (display of material showing fungi damage), demonstration of packaging and storage, selective media, isolation, morphology (staining, microscopy), rapid diagnostic kits.

Bacteria and phytoplasma

Visual examination (display of material showing bacterial damage), bacterial streaming, bacterial oozes, isolation, selective media, cultural characteristics (pigmentation and colouration), pathogenicity tests, molecular, biochemical, rapid diagnostic kits, immunoassay.

Viruses

Visual examination (display of material showing viral damage), indicator plants and grafting, immunoassay, molecular, rapid diagnostic kits.

Weeds

Visual examination (display weeds), weed seeds especially in grains and legumes, identification and herbarium.

1.3 Case studies (3 Hours)

1. Emerging and new quarantine pests important to participating countries:
2. Virus such as those causing Maize lethal necrotic disease (MLND), Banana bunchytop virus
3. Bacteria such as ralstonia, Banana xanthomonas wilt and Dickeya
4. Weeds such as Oxalis latifolia, striga,
5. Nematodes such Potato cyst nematode,
6. Arthropods such as Fall armyworm, False codling moth, fruitflies, khapra beetle
7. Fungi such as fusarium oxysporum tropical race 4 (TR4)
8. CABI Plantwise initiative on identification of pests and plant health clinics; and other relevant case studies.

1. Crop Protection Compendium. http://www.cabi.org/cpc/
2. ISPM 04: 1995 Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas
3. ISPM 06: 1997 Guidelines for surveillance
4. ISPM 08: 2017 Determination of pest status in an area
5. ISPM 16: 2017 Regulated non-quarantine pests: Concept and application
6. ISPM 17: 2017 Pest reporting
7. ISPM 19: 2016 Guidelines on lists of regulated pests
8. ISPM 26: 2015 Establishment of pest free areas for fruit flies (Tephritidae)
9. ISPM 27: 2016 Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests
10. ISPM 22: 2016 Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence
11. ISPM 29: 2017 Recognition of pest free areas and areas of low pest prevalence
12. ISPM 30: 2017 Establishment of areas of low pest prevalence for fruit flies (Tephritidae)
13. ArcGIS information software, version 10: www.esri.com
14. Open data kit (ODK): https://opendatakit.org/
15. Quantum GIS (QGIS): https://www.qgis.org/en/site/
16. Trapping guidelines for areawide fruitfly programmes: by International Atomic Energy Agency of UN: https://www.iaea.org/publications/6916/trapping-guidelines-for-area-wide-fruit-fly-programmes